Hydrometallurgy equipment applications by commodity and process route: copper, gold, nickel, cobalt, zinc and rare earths.
- Red Mud Washing: Countercurrent Design for Bayer Plants
Red mud washing design guide: 4 to 7 CCD stages, wash ratios of 1.2-2.0, and over 95% caustic recovery from Bayer residue. See the… - Ammonium Paratungstate Production: Digestion to Crystal
Ammonium paratungstate production from wolframite and scheelite: 150-180 C caustic digestion, Mo removal at pH 8-9, 30-80 um crystals, and 7 failure modes. - Gold Recovery From Oxide Ore: Heap vs CIL Routes
Gold recovery from oxide ore: heap leach vs CIL compared, with indicative 65–94% recovery, lime and cyanide kg/t ranges, and equipment list per route. - Lithium Carbonate Crystallization: Battery-Grade Route
Lithium carbonate crystallization via the carbonation–decarbonation loop: battery-grade specs, 8–15 µm crystal targets and 85–93% Li recovery equipment. - Nickel Cobalt Separation Solvent Extraction: Flowsheet
Nickel cobalt separation solvent extraction flowsheet: impurity removal, the 4–8 stage Ni/Co split, cobalt polishing, battery-grade sulfate crystallisation. - Laterite Nickel HPAL: Process & Equipment Guide
Laterite nickel HPAL leaches limonite at 245–270 °C into MHP with 92–96% Ni recovery: flowsheet, autoclave materials, acid and energy demand, project risks. - Lithium Processing Plant Equipment: Flowsheet & Selection
Lithium processing plant equipment selection for brine and hard rock: typical battery-grade Li2CO3 at 99.5% purity, capex drivers, and phasing. - Battery Recycling Hydrometallurgy: Process Flows Guide
Battery recycling hydrometallurgy guide: black mass leaching, Ni/Co/Mn solvent extraction and crystallization flows with typical 95–98% Ni/Co recovery. - Zero Liquid Discharge for Mining & Hydrometallurgy: ZLD Guide
ZLD for mining effluents: flowsheets, brine concentrators and crystallizers, water balance math, salt disposal, and illustrative ZLD cost per cubic meter. - The SX-EW Process: Copper Cathode From Leach Solutions
How the SX-EW route turns 1–6 g/L leach solutions into 99.99% Cu cathode — stage parameters, CAPEX ranges, and the seven operating mistakes to… - Dry Stack Tailings Design for Hydrometallurgical Plants
Dry stack tailings design for copper and gold plants: flowsheet, 75–85% water recovery, cake moisture targets, CAPEX/OPEX ranges and risk after Brumadinho. - Copper Oxide Leaching Process: 2026 Flowsheet Guide