A route per feed type, with the equipment at each step and the parameter that decides whether it works. Use these as a starting point for your own mass balance — they are deliberately explicit about where the plants usually fail, which is more useful than an idealised diagram.
Gold CIL: Leach, Adsorb, Elute, Electrowin — Where the Gold Goes MissingCarbon-in-leach recovers gold from cyanide pulp, but losses hide in four places. A step-by-step equipment list and the usual culprits.Brine to Lithium Carbonate: Evaporation, Polishing and CarbonationBrine routes concentrate rather than dissolve. The train is evaporators and IX, and the impurity that stops most projects is magnesium.Black Mass Recycling: Leach, Purify, Separate — Equipment for Each StepSpent lithium-ion cathode becomes sulphate liquor, then battery-grade salts. Here is the equipment train and the separation decisions.Copper Sulphide Concentrate: Pressure Oxidation, Bioleach or RoastSulphide concentrates need oxidation before copper reports to solution. Three routes compared on kinetics, cost and impurity behaviour.Copper Oxide Ore: Leach–SX–EW Flowsheet and Equipment ListThe standard route for oxide and mixed copper ores, with the equipment at each step and the parameters that decide whether it works.
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